Websites como eToro oferecem servicos onde voce pode comprar e vender moedas. Commodities (ouro, prata, petroleo, etc) e indices (SPX500, NSDQ100, DJ30, UK100, FRA40, GER30, etc). E basicamente uma plataforma de negociacao on-line. A forma como funciona e que, por exemplo, voce compra ouro ou euro a um preco do mercado atual e depois vende-lo por um preco mais alto (se o preco sobe). Agora, voce preve o mercado e acho que o euro pode subir contra o dolar ou vice-versa, o que pode ou nao acontecer. Eu nao sei muito sobre o interesse ou Riba e me pergunto se o comercio acima e Halal no Islao Respostas detalhadas com referencias autenticas sao apreciados. Os comentarios a esta pergunta me convenceu que era Halal, ate que eu leia o seguinte em eToro. Tanto o FX como as commodities sao negociadas no mercado spot por 24 horas. As 5:00 pm, hora de Nova York, todas as posicoes abertas sao roladas para as proximas 24 horas e os juros diarios sao adicionados as contas da empresa a cada 24 horas. A empresa pode entao pagar os juros ou cobrar a conta do cliente para cobrir as taxas. Com uma conta islamica, temos certeza de que nao ha Riba em qualquer forma ao longo da duracao do contrato. No mercado de cambio, se voce nao fechar o comercio antes das 17h, horario de Nova York, todas as negociacoes abertas serao automaticamente roladas, o que normalmente representa um problema para aqueles que seguem a lei islamica, devido ao interesse possivelmente usura cobrada pela rolar. No entanto, com uma conta eToro islamica, todas as suas posicoes serao fechadas as 5:00 pm (10:00 pm UST) e voce pode reabri-los imediatamente, a fim de evitar todos os problemas de interesse e comercio de acordo com a lei islamica Sharia. Se o cliente optar por reabrir um comercio imediatamente, o cliente nao pagara qualquer interesse usurario. Nao ha duvida de que o comercio de moeda e um dos dilemas mais dificeis na jurisprudencia islamica (Faqih). Por um lado, requer a troca simultanea de moedas, o que o torna uma especie de troca mao a mao. Por outro lado, os estudiosos contemporaneos consideram o registro de dinheiro transferido para ou de uma conta bancaria como entrega. Para resolver o problema, varias decisoes e fatwas foram emitidos. De acordo com estes decretos, as condicoes para a negociacao de moeda sao: Compra imediata e venda sem demora As moedas devem ser transferidos da conta do vendedor para o do comprador e vice-versa O custo do comercio deve ser pago sem demora Sem juros Em comercios. No caso de haver qualquer interesse usura, o contrato sera invalido, vazio e Haram. Como voce ja sabe que o interesse e haraam, eu provavelmente nao preciso fornecer nenhum verso hadith ou quranic para provar isso. Se eu preciso provar isso primeiro, por favor, deixe-me saber como ele nao vai demorar muito. Com base na sua pesquisa, posso ver claramente que voce acha que o mercado de acoes e muito dificil para os muculmanos, e voce esta certo, e Baseado em minha propria pesquisa, aqui estao os problemas: A empresa nao deve ter um produto que e proibido em A empresa nao deve estar em divida, ou seja, nao deve estar pagando juros sobre um emprestimo A empresa nao deve estar usando o dinheiro dos acionistas e colagem que o dinheiro em uma conta com base em juros e ganhar juros sobre ele Esses 3 pontos excluem a maioria do mercado de acoes. No entanto, voce ainda pode encontrar empresas atraves do qual voce ainda pode entrar no mercado de acoes em uma maneira halaal. Por exemplo, as contas HSBC Amanah Freedom Plus permitem que voce faca exatamente isso. Por exemplo, eles tem estudiosos que monitoram os fundos e se certificam de que sao halaal. Assim que eles sao encontrados para ser haram, uma determinada acao de um fundo e removido. Alem disso tudo relacionado a juros e automaticamente removido dos fundos e dado a caridade. Eu nao sei quantos desses tipos de empresas existem em todo o mundo, este e o unico que eu encontrei com um pouco de pesquisa. Aturan Dan Cara Forex Tanggal: Jan 2010 Bagi Anda yang masih awam tentang dunia forex. Tentunya, bertanya, tanya, bagaimana, sih, cara, bermain, negociar, forex, italia, jawabannya, mudah, sekali. Peralatan Untuk Bermain Forex Sebelum masuk dalam negociavel, kita jelaskan dulu mengenai infra-estrutura penunjang. Untuk bisa negociacao forex online yang diperlukan hanya komputer PC, dan koneksi Internet. Selain itu, diperlukan pula plataforma de software negociacao forex yang bisa didownload dan digunakan secara gratis. Dimana bisa mendapatkan software untuk bermain forex itu Tentu saia dari corretor yang akan menghubungkan Anda sebagai comerciante ke passar forex. Sangat mudah sekali bukan Untuk melihat ilustrasi bagaimana cara negociacao forex online bisa langsung di komputer Anda dengan akun demo yang juga disediakan oleh broker. Anda bisa membaca petunjuk cara mendapatkan akun demo disini. Bermain forex bisa dilakukan kapanpun, karena waktu dan jam comercio forex berlangsung 24 jam sejak Senin hingga Jumat. Untuk lebih detailnya, simak di artikel tentando waktu dan jam trading forex berikut. Dasar Dan Cara Negociacao Forex Pada dasarnya berman forex dilakukan dengan melihat kondisi passar, lalu memprediksi apakah nilai suatu par mata uang nantinya akan naik atau turun. Prediksi itu kemudian dieksekusi dengan membuka posisi negociacao (posicao aberta). Dalam forex hanya ada 2 jenis aberto posisi. Yaitu 1. BELI / COMPRAR / LONGO. Posisi negociacao forex dibuka jika nilai pares diprediksi akan NAIK 2. JUAL / VENDA / CURTO. Posisi negociacao forex dibuka jika Nilai par diprediksi TURUN akan Agar Lebih jelasnya Lihat ilustrasi dua orang bermain forex di Bawah ini: Handoko masuk di posisi comprar (BELI) EUR / USD di 1,3000. Setelah waktu tertentu, Handoko CLOSE di 1.3064. Dengan begitu, Handoko mendapatkan keuntungan 64 pip. Jika Handoko FECHAR di 1.250 maka Handoko mengalami kerugian 50 pip. Erik masuk di posisi VENDA (JUAL) GBP / USD di 1.500. Setelah beberapa lama, Erik FECHAR di 1.400 untuk mendapat lucro 100 pip. Jika Erik FECHAR di 1.650 maka Erik rugi 150 pip. Fechar aranha adalah menutup posisi negociacao yang sedang berjalan atau aberto. Pip adalah satuan terkecil dalam forex. Memahami nilai pips sangat penting bagi siapa saja yang sedang belajar cara negociacao forex. Untuk ulasan lengkapnya, disney de simak. Kesimpulan Persyaratan / infrastruktur dalam negociar forex em linha adalah sangrar mudah dan murah. Dasar dari trading forex, adalah sangat sederhana: As informacoes contidas neste topico sao da autcia. Jika prediksi benar maka akan memperoleh keuntungan, jika tidak maka sebaliknya. Infraestrutura, cara, aturan untuk bisa bermain forex adalah mudah. Bagian sulit adalah bagaimana cara negociacao yang benar agar bisa menjadi pemenang / lucro. Baca Juga Qorry: Untuk bergabung bisa mendaftar pada salah satu corretor forex. Mengenai modal, Anda bisa memilih corretor dengan jumlah deposito minimo yang sesuai dengan kemampuan Anda. Selain itu peru diperhatikan juga akun dan kondisi negociacao yang ditawarkan. Ada pula corretor yang tidak mengharuskan Anda untuk menanamkan modal terlebih dahulu, um membro da familia modal awal dengan persyaratan-persyaratan tertentu. Sebagai rekomendasi, Anda dapat menyimak revisao corretor de imoveis mendapatkan ulasan mengenai broker-broker forex. Bisa kah anda merekomendasikan corretor yg terpercaya, dan bagaimana e cara menghubunginya setelah saya baca artikel diatas. saya tertarik untuk mencobanya, Tolong Ajari saya saya bagaimna bisa bergabung di forex apakah butuh modal bagaimana kita bisa memulainya terima ksih coba Belajar di Sekolah forex. Yng deket2 disini juga ada seputarforex / belajar / sekolah / kalo cuman belajar nggak perlu modal, bisa daftar di akun demo semua broker. Gratis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, kalo masih baru, masukin modal juga jangan terlalu dulu Besar, yg sesuai sama jumlah yg sanggup direlakan aja .. mau tanya gan apakah agan membutuhkan levar titular atau tehnisi menaik nurunkan smua pasangan mata uang asing kami punya spesialis nya Bukti pips forex Selama blakangan ini ke segure DLM arti TDK ada pips di bandas TDK kami espera dan blm ada yg bisa menahan pips sekecil Mungkin di smua pasangan mata uang asing 087859782973 saya butuh kerja nih beny Laksmana hendra SE saya ingin Belajar tandingnya. Gimana canya. Biasanya untuk daftar forex minimo modalnya berapa ya gan. Mau ikutan negociacao forex soalnya. Tergantung, brokernya, sama, akun, yang, agan, pilih. Paling kecil bisa sampe 1 bahkan ada yg g peru sama sekali cz ada yg ngadain bonus2 deposito. Tapi ya itu, pilih corretor sama akun negociacao kan gabisa sembarangan. Gabisa dicari dari yg dpnya paling kecil aja, mesti ada penyesuaian juga sama kualitas corretor n kondisi tradingnya. Mau trading forex perlu deposito ke brokernya dulu, bisa lewat banco de transferencia, kartu kredit, ato epayment. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Tapi corretor kaya gitu masih belum jarang yang masih sering diandalkan ya epayment. transferencia bancaria. Sama kartu kredit itu Gan, apakah sudah ada orang yang sudah terbukti bermain Forex, yang sudah bisa di jadikan penghasilan pokok sehari2 (Negociacao para viver) di indonesia ini. Mengingat untenk menebak ver mercado sangrlah sulit (walaupun dengan indikator apapun), karena kita tdk bisa menebak pikiran orangi di seluruh dunia mau negociacao apa. Pengalaman saya, principal saham lokal aja sangat susah menjaga lucro, di total2 masih rugi terus / - 2 tahun. Bagaimana pendapat Agan (apakah ini hanya bisnis main2 aja dari beberapa corretor Saya negociacao juga pernah mencoba Binary (aleatorio).Awalnya / -. 1 Minggu kita bisa mengendalikan arah pasar eeh kemudian seterusnya, kita tidak akan bisa lagi mengendalikan mercado arah (kita akan tidak bakal menang). Seakan berubah akan settingannya sudah (maksudnya sudah direkayasa) Tentunya ada dan banyak. Tapi kebanyakan dari mereka kurang mempublikasikan diri. Trader seperti ini juga biasanya mengadakan seminario de seminario negociacao untuk berbagi ilmu. Mercado memang tidak bisa kita kendalikan, krn pergerakan di mercado ditentukan sama hukum permintaan dan penawaran dipasar. negociacao Kalau dgn mentalidade kita bisa mengendalikan mercado, maka itu kurang tepat. Yg memungkinkan adalah kita menganalisa mercado, dan Disana kita bermain dgn peluang, bukan kepastian. Krn tidak ada Analisa yg seratus persen benar. Setiap trdng pasti ada resiko, jadi nanti juga bisa tergantung bgaimana usaha kita memperbesar peluang lucro dan meminimalisir resiko kerugian. Ada banyak alasan knpa comerciante seorang tak juga bisa lucro dgn konsisten. Rekayasa corretor Mungkin adlh salah satunya, tapi sbelum itu, coba pikirkan juga tentang Faktor deitado negociacao sistem seperti, disiplin thdp sistem de comercio, gestao de dinheiro, dan negociacao psikologi. Kalo binario mah jelas-jelas itu rekayasa broker gan. Kalau forex atau saham, itu yang para bukan menebak mercado (kan bukan judi), yang penting eksekusi strategi. Kalau principal tebak-tebakan sih, sampai bangkrut juga nggak akan sukses. Yang penting paham apa aja fundamental di pasar. Trus punya sistem trading Teknikal yang mantep. Terakhir, kalau MM-nya oke juga, bisa lah dapet lumayan. Perda tetep kadang-kadang, tapi asal lucro lebih gede dari perda, kan nggak masalah. Sebagai pemula, 1. internet yg estabil, silakan pilih sendiri2. Jangan coba2 langsung traed, pake demo dulu3. Siap mental pasti kalah4. Di forex hitungan por detik selalu berubah5. Mulai yg sederhana, pilih transaksi comprar menos secara bersama lihat apa yg ter jd (ini pier seperti principal sapcha kartu) 6. Saya baru um minggu untuk cari tahau, tetapi saya banyak membaca artikel tentang forex. 7. analisa, berita, info ifu hnya 0.5 aja 8. sebaik nya atum principal 21. 00 wib keatas9. 30 segundos atras untungan, 70 kalah nya. Ini pengalaman saya dalam 1 minggusalam saya mau tanya nih suhu hehe, kira kira corretor de kalo indonesia patut di perhitungkan ndak ya dalam kancah por forex-um kita sekarang ini hehe. Smoga dalam belajar forex kita semakin mahir lagi. Salam dari kami temen forex juga. O que esta acontecendo Voce nao tem permissao para acessar a pagina solicitada. Se voce e o proprietario do site, abra um ticket em nossa pagina de suporte se achar que foi causado por um erro: support. sucuri. Se voce nao e o proprietario do site, voce pode entrar em contato conosco no cloudproxy sucuri. Certifique-se tambem de incluir os detalhes do bloco (exibidos abaixo), para que possamos resolver melhor o erro. Bloquear detalhes Seu IP: Carregando. URL: Carregando. Seu navegador: Carregando. ID do bloco: GEO02 Motivo do bloqueio: O acesso do seu pais foi desativado pelo administrador do site. Tempo: Carregando. ID do servidor: cp15009 Sucuri CloudProxy O CloudProxy e o WebSite Firewall de Sucuri. Ele fica entre o seu site eo resto do mundo e protege contra ataques, infeccoes de malware, DDOS, tentativas de forca bruta e principalmente qualquer coisa que possa prejudica-lo. Nao so isso, mas seus sites ficam em cache, acelerando um pouco. Interessado Visite sucuri / website-firewall Copyright 2016, Sucuri LLC. Todos os direitos reservados. Termos de Servico Politica de Privacidade Perguntas cloudproxy sucuri Opcoes Binarias Halal no Isla Negociacao com opcoes binarias parece dividir a comunidade islamica. E um novo (se voce acha que o petroleo vai subir). Existem corretores como Banc de Binario com muito pequena opcao expery como 60 segundos ou como 5 minutos. Portanto, sua tarefa e prever se o preco de mercado do petroleo vai para cima ou para baixo dentro dos proximos 60 segundos ou 5 minutos (por exemplo, no Banc de Binario). Como voce ve, ha uma especie de personagem de apostas que e claramente (ar m) e nao (al 1) pelas regras de (ar a). Assim, a negociacao com opcoes binarias e uma coisa complicada: e um tipo de negociacao de acoes / negociacao em geral nos mercados e, por outro lado, muitas vezes e oferecido com um personagem de apostas. Muitos corretores on-line oferecem bonus, comercios livres de risco e muitos outros instrumentos de marketing que sao comuns para uso em casinos online e outros sites de apostas dos infieis. E importante usar um corretor islamico com NO RIBA Ha duas maneiras como nao trocar com opcoes binarias, duas maneiras que fazem opcoes binarias haram: Se voce trocar em moedas ou se voce usa-lo sem estrategia como apostas. Negociacao de opcoes binarias nao e Gharar: Se voce evitar todas as negociacoes com moedas Voce nao deve negociar com EUR / USD nao importa o quao bom seria para voce. Fique com valores e commodities como petroleo e ouro e voce e seguro para o comercio. Negociacao de opcoes binarias nao e Maysir, Quimar: Se voce ler abaixo e usar a nossa estrategia que voce nao esta apostando, voce esta investindo seriamente em valores solidos. Portanto, este tipo de negociacao esta ok com Maysir / Quimar, mas voce tem que usar um comerciante com a conta de comercio islamico. E negociar com opcoes binarias (al) ou (ar m) no Isla Meus queridos irmaos islamicos, somos pessoas nascidas para negociar desde os tempos antigos apostando em cima (chamada) ou para baixo (put). Se voce observar o mercado e tomar decisoes sabias para ganhar algum dinheiro extra para sua familia ou para apoiar a religiao islamica, voce usa seu conhecimento e sabedoria como um homem que cuida de sua familia e sua mesquita. Nao existe nenhuma opcao binaria islamica especifica. Por isso temos de dar uma olhada em detalhes sobre este tema: (al l) Trading: Sua negociacao com opcoes binarias e halal se: Voce usa um bom Halal Binario Opcoes Broker que nao mercado com as coisas ou estao enganando os nossos irmaos muculmanos. Voce troca com auto-controle e nunca comercio para compensar perdas de trades anteriores. Voce troca com uma estrategia clara apos observar o mercado e / ou indicadores economicos. Voce nao troca para compensar perdas. Voce nunca mente sobre suas despesas comerciais para sua familia ou qualquer outra pessoa. Voce toma um corretor on-line que oferece um tipo de conta islamica como de 24Option e um bom ponto de partida para negociacao halal com opcoes binarias Halalbinaryoptions recomenda 24Option para suas atividades de negociacao, eles oferecem as melhores contas islamicas, sao confiaveis ??e muito seguro. Se voce comercio como este, e aprovado com nossa religiao e voce pode ir negociar agora (ar m) Negociacao: Seu negociar com opcoes digitais e haram se: Voce sente-se controlado pela ganancia ao negociar Voce troca sem deixar sua familia saber sobre seu Gastos e ganhos Voce se sente viciado em negociacao Voce troca sem consciencia e conhecimento Voce nao pesquisa para cada comercio e usar uma estrategia para negociacao Voce tenta compensar perdas de antes Voce troca com fortes emocoes Voce toma dinheiro para negociacao que voce nao tem (como um Emprestimo ou credito) Voce comercio com corretores que nao sao graves e. Por que e tao dificil dizer se as opcoes binarias sao halal ou haram no Isla Muitas pessoas se perguntam se a negociacao com opcoes digitais e uma forma halal de negociacao no Forex, Indices, Commodities e Stock Market. Por que eles estao todos inseguros sobre isso O que os faz pensar que a negociacao com opcoes binarias e haram A resposta e simples, pois poderia ser: E uma maneira muito nova e ainda muito exotico de negociacao e ganhar dinheiro. Cada possibilidade de ganhar dinheiro tem o seu up e downsides como voce sabe. Se voce esta negociando em um bazar, por exemplo, e voce e bom comerciante pode ser que o vendedor ou comprador esta descontente com o negocio depois que ele fez isso, porque voce o forcou a faze-lo. No entanto, todos sao responsaveis ??por suas proprias decisoes. O mesmo vale para a negociacao com essa opcao de compra tipo. Ha uma das suas propriedades pessoais em questao: Voce e disciplinado o suficiente para o comercio Voce tera que desligar suas emocoes, voce tera que evitar ficar ganancioso, voce tera que tomar decisoes legais em situacoes quentes, voce tera que resistir a seduzir bonus Oferece e voce tera que calcular e fazer o gerenciamento de dinheiro como homens reais que cuidar de sua esposa t esquecer de dar um pequeno pedaco de seus ganhos para a sua mesquita local para mostrar a sua gratidao por Deus e sua mao util acima de voce. Talvez voce veja agora por que e tao dificil dizer exatamente se negociacao com opcoes binarias e halal ou haram. A resposta nao e encontrar no instrumento de negociacao em si, e para ser encontrado em si mesmo e quao boa a sua personalidade e desenvolvida. Se voce esta interessado em opcoes binarias arabes em geral, por favor clique no link como nos reunimos la boas informacoes sobre opcoes binarias negociacao em geral no mundo arabe. Melhor Interesse Livre Broker Banc de Binario conta islamica Aturan Dan Cara Trading Forex Tanggal: Jan 2010 Bagi Anda yang masih awam tentang dunia forex. Tentunya, bertanya, tanya, bagaimana, sih, cara, bermain, negociar, forex, italia, jawabannya, mudah, sekali. Peralatan Untuk Bermain Forex Sebelum masuk dalam negociavel, kita jelaskan dulu mengenai infra-estrutura penunjang. Untuk bisa negociacao forex online yang diperlukan hanya komputer PC, dan koneksi Internet. Selain itu, diperlukan pula plataforma de software negociacao forex yang bisa didownload dan digunakan secara gratis. Dimana bisa mendapatkan software untuk bermain forex itu Tentu saia dari corretor yang akan menghubungkan Anda sebagai comerciante ke passar forex. Sangat mudah sekali bukan Untuk melihat ilustrasi bagaimana cara negociacao forex online bisa langsung di komputer Anda dengan akun demo yang juga disediakan oleh broker. Anda bisa membaca petunjuk cara mendapatkan akun demo disini. Bermain forex bisa dilakukan kapanpun, karena waktu dan jam comercio forex berlangsung 24 jam sejak Senin hingga Jumat. Untuk lebih detailnya, simak di artikel tentando waktu dan jam trading forex berikut. Dasar Dan Cara Negociacao Forex Pada dasarnya berman forex dilakukan dengan melihat kondisi passar, lalu memprediksi apakah nilai suatu par mata uang nantinya akan naik atau turun. Prediksi itu kemudian dieksekusi dengan membuka posisi negociacao (posicao aberta). Dalam forex hanya ada 2 jenis aberto posisi. Yaitu 1. BELI / COMPRAR / LONGO. Posisi negociacao forex dibuka jika nilai pares diprediksi akan NAIK 2. JUAL / VENDA / CURTO. Posisi negociacao forex dibuka jika Nilai par diprediksi TURUN akan Agar Lebih jelasnya Lihat ilustrasi dua orang bermain forex di Bawah ini: Handoko masuk di posisi comprar (BELI) EUR / USD di 1,3000. Setelah waktu tertentu, Handoko CLOSE di 1.3064. Dengan begitu, Handoko mendapatkan keuntungan 64 pip. Jika Handoko FECHAR di 1.250 maka Handoko mengalami kerugian 50 pip. Erik masuk di posisi VENDA (JUAL) GBP / USD di 1.500. Setelah beberapa lama, Erik FECHAR di 1.400 untuk mendapat lucro 100 pip. Jika Erik FECHAR di 1.650 maka Erik rugi 150 pip. Fechar aranha adalah menutup posisi negociacao yang sedang berjalan atau aberto. Pip adalah satuan terkecil dalam forex. Memahami nilai pips sangat penting bagi siapa saja yang sedang belajar cara negociacao forex. Untuk ulasan lengkapnya, disney de simak. Kesimpulan Persyaratan / infrastruktur dalam negociar forex em linha adalah sangrar mudah dan murah. Dasar dari trading forex, adalah sangat sederhana: As informacoes contidas neste site sao as unicas que nao se seguem. Jika prediksi benar maka akan memperoleh keuntungan, jika tidak maka sebaliknya. Infraestrutura, cara, aturan untuk bisa bermain forex adalah mudah. Bagian sulit adalah bagaimana cara negociacao yang benar agar bisa menjadi pemenang / lucro. Baca Juga Qorry: Untuk bergabung bisa mendaftar pada salah satu corretor forex. Mengenai modal, Anda bisa memilih corretor dengan jumlah deposito minimo yang sesuai dengan kemampuan Anda. Selain itu peru diperhatikan juga akun dan kondisi negociacao yang ditawarkan. Ada pula corretor yang tidak mengharuskan Anda untuk menanamkan modal terlebih dahulu, um membro da familia modal awal dengan persyaratan-persyaratan tertentu. Sebagai rekomendasi, Anda dapat menyimak revisao corretor de imoveis mendapatkan ulasan mengenai broker-broker forex. Bisa kah anda merekomendasikan corretor yg terpercaya, dan bagaimana e cara menghubunginya setelah saya baca artikel diatas. saya tertarik untuk mencobanya, Tolong Ajari saya saya bagaimna bisa bergabung di forex apakah butuh modal bagaimana kita bisa memulainya terima ksih coba Belajar di Sekolah forex. Yng deket2 disini juga ada seputarforex / belajar / sekolah / kalo cuman belajar nggak perlu modal, bisa daftar di akun demo semua broker. Gratis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, kalo masih baru, masukin modal juga jangan terlalu dulu Besar, yg sesuai sama jumlah yg sanggup direlakan aja .. mau tanya gan apakah agan membutuhkan levar titular atau tehnisi menaik nurunkan smua pasangan mata uang asing kami punya spesialis nya Bukti pips forex Selama blakangan ini ke segure DLM arti TDK ada pips di bandas TDK kami espera dan blm ada yg bisa menahan pips sekecil Mungkin di smua pasangan mata uang asing 087859782973 saya butuh kerja nih beny Laksmana hendra SE saya ingin Belajar tandingnya. Gimana canya. Biasanya untuk daftar forex minimo modalnya berapa ya gan. Mau ikutan negociacao forex soalnya. Tergantung, brokernya, sama, akun, yang, agan, pilih. Paling kecil bisa sampe 1 bahkan ada yg g peru sama sekali cz ada yg ngadain bonus2 deposito. Tapi ya itu, pilih corretor sama akun negociacao kan gabisa sembarangan. Gabisa dicari dari yg dpnya paling kecil aja, mesti ada penyesuaian juga sama kualitas corretor n kondisi tradingnya. Mau trading forex perlu deposito ke brokernya dulu, bisa lewat banco de transferencia, kartu kredit, ato epayment. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Tapi corretor kaya gitu masih belum jarang yang masih sering diandalkan ya epayment. transferencia bancaria. Sama kartu kredit itu Gan, apakah sudah ada orang yang sudah terbukti bermain Forex, yang sudah bisa di jadikan penghasilan pokok sehari2 (Negociacao para viver) di indonesia ini. Mengingat untenk menebak ver mercado sangrlah sulit (walaupun dengan indikator apapun), karena kita tdk bisa menebak pikiran orangi di seluruh dunia mau negociacao apa. Pengalaman saya, principal saham lokal aja sangat susah menjaga lucro, di total2 masih rugi terus / - 2 tahun. Bagaimana pendapat Agan (apakah ini hanya bisnis main2 aja dari beberapa corretor Saya negociacao juga pernah mencoba Binary (aleatorio).Awalnya / -. 1 Minggu kita bisa mengendalikan arah pasar eeh kemudian seterusnya, kita tidak akan bisa lagi mengendalikan mercado arah (kita akan tidak bakal menang). Seakan berubah akan settingannya sudah (maksudnya sudah direkayasa) Tentunya ada dan banyak. Tapi kebanyakan dari mereka kurang mempublikasikan diri. Trader seperti ini juga biasanya mengadakan seminario de seminario negociacao untuk berbagi ilmu. Mercado memang tidak bisa kita kendalikan, krn pergerakan di mercado ditentukan sama hukum permintaan dan penawaran dipasar. negociacao Kalau dgn mentalidade kita bisa mengendalikan mercado, maka itu kurang tepat. Yg memungkinkan adalah kita menganalisa mercado, dan Disana kita bermain dgn peluang, bukan kepastian. Krn tidak ada Analisa yg seratus persen benar. Setiap trdng pasti ada resiko, jadi nanti juga bisa tergantung bgaimana usaha kita memperbesar peluang lucro dan meminimalisir resiko kerugian. Ada banyak alasan knpa comerciante seorang tak juga bisa lucro dgn konsisten. Rekayasa corretor Mungkin adlh salah satunya, tapi sbelum itu, coba pikirkan juga tentang Faktor deitado negociacao sistem seperti, disiplin thdp sistem de comercio, gestao de dinheiro, dan negociacao psikologi. Kalo binario mah jelas-jelas itu rekayasa broker gan. Kalau forex atau saham, itu yang para bukan mercado menebak (kan bukan judi), yang penting eksekusi strategi. Kalau principal tebak-tebakan sih, sampai bangkrut juga nggak akan sukses. Yang penting paham apa aja fundamental di pasar. Trus punya sistem trading teknikal yang mantep. Terakhir, kalau MM-ny oke juga, bisa lah dapet lumayan. Perda tetep kadang-kadang, tapi asal lucro lebih gede dari perda, kan nggak masalah. Sebagai pemula, 1. internet yg estabil, silakan pilih sendiri2. Jangan coba2 langsung traed, pake demo dulu3. Siap mental pasti kalah4. Di forex hitungan por detik selalu berubah5. Mulai yg sederhana, pilih transaksi comprar menos secara bersama lihat apa yg ter jd (ini pier seperti principal sapcha kartu) 6. Saya baru um minggu untuk cari tahau, tetapi saya banyak membaca artikel tentang forex. 7. analisa, berita, info ifu hnya 0.5 aja 8. sebaik nya atum principal 21. 00 wib keatas9. 30 segundos atras untungan, 70 kalah nya. Ini pengalaman saya dalam 1 minggusalam saya mau tanya nih suhu hehe, kira kira corretor de kalo indonesia patut di perhitungkan ndak ya dalam kancah por forex-um kita sekarang ini hehe. Smoga dalam belajar forex kita semakin mahir lagi. Salam dari kami temen forex juga. Forex Trading Islamico FOREX TRADING ISLAMICO 1. Os Contratos de Cambio Basicos Existe um consenso geral entre os juristas islamicos sobre a opiniao de que as moedas de diferentes paises podem ser trocadas numa base spot a uma taxa diferente da unidade, uma vez que as moedas de diferentes paises sao entidades distintas Com valores diferentes ou valor intrinseco, e poder de compra. Tambem parece haver um acordo geral entre a maioria dos estudiosos sobre a opiniao de que o cambio a termo nao e permitido, isto e, quando os direitos e obrigacoes de ambas as partes se relacionam com uma data futura. No entanto, existe uma consideravel diferenca de opiniao entre os juristas quando os direitos de uma das partes, que e a mesma que a obrigacao da contraparte, sao adiados para uma data futura. Para elaborar, vamos considerar o exemplo de dois individuos A e B que pertencem a dois paises diferentes, India e EUA, respectivamente. A pretende vender rupias indianas e comprar dolares dos EUA. O inverso e verdadeiro para B. A taxa de cambio rupee-dolar acordada e de 1:20 ea transacao envolve a compra e venda de 50. A primeira situacao e que A faz um pagamento a vista de Rs1000 para B e aceita o pagamento de 50 de B. A transaccao e liquidada numa base pontual de ambas as extremidades. Tais transacoes sao validas e Islamically permissiveis. Nao ha duas opinioes sobre o mesmo. A segunda possibilidade e que a liquidacao da transacao de ambas as extremidades seja adiada para uma data futura, digamos depois de seis meses a partir de agora. Isto implica que tanto A como B fariam e aceitariam o pagamento de Rs1000 ou 50, conforme o caso, apos seis meses. A visao predominante e que tal contrato nao e islamicamente permitido. Uma visao minoritaria a considera admissivel. O terceiro cenario e que a transacao e parcialmente liquidada a partir de uma unica extremidade. Por exemplo, A faz um pagamento de Rs1000 agora para B em vez de uma promessa de B para pagar 50 para ele depois de seis meses. Alternativamente, A aceita 50 agora de B e promete pagar Rs1000 para ele depois de seis meses. Existem pontos de vista diametralmente opostos sobre a admissibilidade de tais contratos, que equivalem a bai-salam em moedas. O objetivo deste trabalho e apresentar uma analise abrangente de varios argumentos em apoio e contra a permissibilidade desses contratos basicos envolvendo moedas. A primeira forma de contratacao envolvendo a troca de contravalores numa base pontual esta alem de qualquer tipo de controversia. A admissibilidade ou nao do segundo tipo de contrato em que a entrega de um dos contravalores e diferida para uma data futura, e geralmente discutida no ambito da riba proibicao. Assim, discutiremos este contrato detalhadamente na secao 2 que trata da questao da proibicao da riba. A admissibilidade da terceira forma de contrato em que a entrega de ambos os contravalores e diferida, e geralmente discutida no ambito da reducao do risco e incerteza ou gharar envolvidos nesses contratos. Este e, portanto, o tema central da secao 3 que trata da questao do gharar. Secao 4 tenta uma visao holistica da Sharia relaciona questoes como tambem o significado economico das formas basicas de contratacao no mercado de moeda. 2. A questao da proibicao de Riba A divergencia de pontos de vista1 sobre a permissibilidade ou nao dos contratos de cambio em moedas pode ser atribuida principalmente a questao da proibicao riba. A necessidade de eliminar riba em todas as formas de contratos de cambio e de extrema importancia. Riba em seu contexto sharia e geralmente definido2 como um ganho ilicito derivado da desigualdade quantitativa dos contravalores em qualquer transacao que pretenda efetuar a troca de duas ou mais especies (anwa), que pertencem ao mesmo genero (jins) e sao governadas por A mesma causa eficiente (illa). Riba e geralmente classificada em riba al-fadl (excesso) e riba al-nasia (adiamento) que denotam uma vantagem ilegal por meio de excesso ou adiamento, respectivamente. A proibicao do primeiro e alcancada por uma estipulacao de que a taxa de troca entre os objetos e unidade e nenhum ganho e permissivel a qualquer das partes. Este ultimo tipo de riba e proibido por nao permitir a liquidacao diferida e garantir que a transacao e liquidada no local por ambas as partes. Outra forma de riba e chamada de riba al-jahiliyya ou riba pre-islamica que surge quando o credor pede ao mutuario na data de vencimento se este ultimo liquidar a divida ou aumentar a mesma. O aumento e acompanhado pela cobranca de juros sobre o montante inicialmente emprestado. A proibicao de riba na troca de moedas pertencentes a diferentes paises requer um processo de analogia (qiyas). E em qualquer exercicio de analogia (qiyas), a causa eficiente (illa) desempenha um papel extremamente importante. E uma causa eficiente comum (illa), que conecta o objeto da analogia com o seu sujeito, no exercicio do raciocinio analogico. A causa eficiente apropriada (illa) em caso de contratos de troca foi definida varia pelas escolas principais de Fiqh. Esta diferenca reflecte-se no raciocinio analogo para moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes paises. Uma questao de significancia consideravel no processo de raciocinio analogo relaciona-se a comparacao entre moedas de papel com ouro e prata. Nos primordios do Isla, o ouro ea prata desempenhavam todas as funcoes do dinheiro (thaman). As moedas foram feitas de ouro e prata com um valor intrinseco conhecido (quantum de ouro ou prata contidos neles). Essas moedas sao descritas como thaman haqiqi, ou naqdain na literatura Fiqh. Estes eram universalmente aceitaveis ??como principal meio de troca, representando um grande pedaco de transacoes. Muitas outras commodities, tais como, varios metais inferiores tambem serviram como meio de troca, mas com aceitabilidade limitada. Estes sao descritos como fals na literatura Fiqh. Estes tambem sao conhecidos como thaman istalahi por causa do fato de que sua aceitabilidade nao deriva de seu valor intrinseco, mas devido ao status concedido pela sociedade durante um determinado periodo de tempo. As duas formas acima mencionadas de moedas foram tratadas de forma muito diferente pelos primeiros juristas islamicos do ponto de vista da permissibilidade dos contratos que os envolvem. A questao que necessita de ser resolvida e se as moedas correntes da idade presente se enquadram na primeira ou na segunda categoria. Uma visao e que estes devem ser tratados a par com thaman haqiqi ou ouro e prata, uma vez que estes servem como o principal meio de troca e unidade de conta como o ultimo. Dai, por analogia raciocinio, todas as normas relacionadas com a Sharia e injuncoes aplicaveis ??a thaman haqiqi tambem deve ser aplicavel ao papel moeda. A troca de thaman haqiqi e conhecida como bai-sarf e, portanto, as transacoes em moedas de papel devem ser governadas pelas regras da Sharia relevantes para bai-sarf. A opiniao contraria afirma que as moedas de papel devem ser tratadas de forma semelhante a fals ou thaman istalahi devido ao facto de o seu valor nominal ser diferente do seu valor intrinseco. Their acceptability stems from their legal status within the domestic country or global economic importance (as in case of US dollars, for instance). 2.1. A Synthesis of Alternative Views 2.1.1. Analogical Reasoning (Qiyas) for Riba Prohibition The prohibition of riba is based on the tradition that the holy prophet (peace be upon him) said, Thus, the prohibition of riba applies primarily to the two precious metals (gold and silver) and four other commodities (wheat, barley, dates and salt). It also applies, by analogy (qiyas) to all species which are governed by the same efficient cause (illa) or which belong to any one of the genera of the six objects cited in the tradition. However, there is no general agreement among the various schools of Fiqh and even scholars belonging to the same school on the definition and identification of efficient cause (illa) of riba. For the Hanafis, efficient cause (illa) of riba has two dimensions: the exchanged articles belong to the same genus (jins) these possess weight (wazan) or measurability (kiliyya). If in a given exchange, both the elements of efficient cause (illa) are present, that is, the exchanged countervalues belong to the same genus (jins) and are all weighable or all measurable, then no gain is permissible (the exchange rate must be equal to unity) and the exchange must be on a spot basis. In case of gold and silver, the two elements of efficient cause (illa) are: unity of genus (jins) and weighability. This is also the Hanbali view according to one version3. (A different version is similar to the Shafii and Maliki view, as discussed below.) Thus, when gold is exchanged for gold, or silver is exchanged for silver, only spot transactions without any gain are permissible. It is also possible that in a given exchange, one of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) is present and the other is absent. For example, if the exchanged articles are all weighable or measurable but belong to different genus (jins) or, if the exchanged articles belong to same genus (jins) but neither is weighable nor measurable, then exchange with gain (at a rate different from unity) is permissible, but the exchange must be on a spot basis. Thus, when gold is exchanged for silver, the rate can be different from unity but no deferred settlement is permissible. If none of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) of riba are present in a given exchange, then none of the injunctions for riba prohibition apply. Exchange can take place with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis. Considering the case of exchange involving paper currencies belonging to different countries, riba prohibition would require a search for efficient cause (illa). Currencies belonging to different countries are clearly distinct entities these are legal tender within specific geographical boundaries with different intrinsic worth or purchasing power. Hence, a large majority of scholars perhaps rightly assert that there is no unity of genus (jins). Additionally, these are neither weighable nor measurable. This leads to a direct conclusion that none of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) of riba exist in such exchange. Hence, the exchange can take place free from any injunction regarding the rate of exchange and the manner of settlement. The logic underlying this position is not difficult to comprehend. The intrinsic worth of paper currencies belonging to different countries differ as these have different purchasing power. Additionally, the intrinsic value or worth of paper currencies cannot be identified or assessed unlike gold and silver which can be weighed. Hence, neither the presence of riba al-fadl (by excess), nor riba al-nasia (by deferment) can be established. The Shafii school of Fiqh considers the efficient cause (illa) in case of gold and silver to be their property of being currency (thamaniyya) or the medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. This is also the Maliki view. According to one version of this view, even if paper or leather is made the medium of exchange and is given the status of currency, then all the rules pertaining to naqdain, or gold and silver apply to them. Thus, according to this version, exchange involving currencies of different countries at a rate different from unity is permissible, but must be settled on a spot basis. Another version of the above two schools of thought is that the above cited efficient cause (illa) of being currency (thamaniyya) is specific to gold and silver, and cannot be generalized. That is, any other object, if used as a medium of exchange, cannot be included in their category. Hence, according to this version, the Sharia injunctions for riba prohibition are not applicable to paper currencies. Currencies belonging to different countries can be exchanged with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis. Proponents of the earlier version cite the case of exchange of paper currencies belonging to the same country in defense of their version. The consensus opinion of jurists in this case is that such exchange must be without any gain or at a rate equal to unity and must be settled on a spot basis. What is the rationale underlying the above decision If one considers the Hanafi and the first version of Hanbali position then, in this case, only one dimension of the efficient cause (illa) is present, that is, they belong to the same genus (jins). But paper currencies are neither weighable nor measurable. Hence, Hanafi law would apparently permit exchange of different quantities of the same currency on a spot basis. Similarly if the efficient cause of being currency (thamaniyya) is specific only to gold and silver, then Shafii and Maliki law would also permit the same. Needless to say, this amounts to permitting riba-based borrowing and lending. This shows that, it is the first version of the Shafii and Maliki thought which underlies the consensus decision of prohibition of gain and deferred settlement in case of exchange of currencies belonging to the same country. According to the proponents, extending this logic to exchange of currencies of different countries would imply that exchange with gain or at a rate different from unity is permissible (since there no unity of jins), but settlement must be on a spot basis. 2.1.2 Comparison between Currency Exchange and Bai-Sarf Bai-sarf is defined in Fiqh literature as an exchange involving thaman haqiqi, defined as gold and silver, which served as the principal medium of exchange for almost all major transactions. Proponents of the view that any exchange of currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf argue that in the present age paper currencies have effectively and completely replaced gold and silver as the medium of exchange. Hence, by analogy, exchange involving such currencies should be governed by the same Sharia rules and injunctions as bai-sarf. It is also argued that if deferred settlement by either parties to the contract is permitted, this would open the possibilities of riba-al nasia. Opponents of categorization of currency exchange with bai-sarf however point out that the exchange of all forms of currency (thaman) cannot be termed as bai-sarf. According to this view bai-sarf implies exchange of currencies made of gold and silver (thaman haqiqi or naqdain) alone and not of money pronounced as such by the state authorities (thaman istalahi). The present age currencies are examples of the latter kind. These scholars find support in those writings which assert that if the commodities of exchange are not gold or silver, (even if one of these is gold or silver) then, the exchange cannot be termed as bai-sarf. Nor would the stipulations regarding bai-sarf be applicable to such exchanges. According to Imam Sarakhsi4 (while in case of bai-sarf, it is.) A number of similar references exist which indicate that jurists do not classify an exchange of fals (thaman istalahi) for another fals (thaman istalahi) or gold or silver (thaman haqiqi), as bai-sarf. Hence, the exchanges of currencies of two different countries which can only qualify as thaman istalahi can not be categorized as bai-sarf. Nor can the constraint regarding spot settlement be imposed on such transactions. It should be noted here that the definition of bai-sarf is provided Fiqh literature and there is no mention of the same in the holy traditions. The traditions mention about riba, and the sale and purchase of gold and silver (naqdain) which may be a major source of riba, is described as bai-sarf by the Islamic jurists. It should also be noted that in Fiqh literature, bai-sarf implies exchange of gold or silver only whether these are currently being used as medium of exchange or not. Exchange involving dinars and gold ornaments, both quality as bai-sarf. Various jurists have sought to clarify this point and have defined sarf as that exchange in which both the commodities exchanged are in the nature of thaman, not necessarily thaman themselves. Hence, even when one of the commodities is processed gold (say, ornaments), such exchange is called bai-sarf. Proponents of the view that currency exchange should be treated in a manner similar to bai-sarf also derive support from writings of eminent Islamic jurists. According to Imam Ibn Taimiya silver). Similar references are available in the writings of Imam Ghazzali5 As far as the views of Imam Sarakhshi is concerned regarding exchange involving fals, according to them, some additional points need to be taken note of. In the early days of Islam, dinars and dirhams made of gold and silver were mostly used as medium of exchange in all major transactions. Only the minor ones were settled with fals. In other words, fals did not possess the characteristics of money or thamaniyya in full and was hardly used as store of value or unit of account and was more in the nature of commodity. Hence there was no restriction on purchase of the same for gold and silver on a deferred basis. The present day currencies have all the features of thaman and are meant to be thaman only. The exchange involving currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf with difference of jins and hence, deferred settlement would lead to riba al-nasia. Dr Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui illustrates this possibility with an example6. He writes lending. 2.1.3 Defining Thamaniyya is the Key It appears from the above synthesis of alternative views that the key issue seems to be a correct definition of thamaniyya. For instance, a fundamental question that leads to divergent positions on permissibility relates to whether thamaniyya is specific to gold and silver, or can be associated with anything that performs the functions of money. We raise some issues below which may be taken into account in any exercise in reconsideration of alternative positions. It should be appreciated that thamaniyya may not be absolute and may vary in degrees. It is true that paper currencies have completely replaced gold and silver as medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. In this sense, paper currencies can be said to possess thamaniyya. However, this is true for domestic currencies only and may not be true for foreign currencies. In other words, Indian rupees possess thamaniyya within the geographical boundaries of India only, and do not have any acceptability in US. These cannot be said to possess thamaniyya in US unless a US citizen can use Indian rupees as a medium of exchange, or unit of account, or store of value. In most cases such a possibility is remote. This possibility is also a function of the exchange rate mechanism in place, such as, convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars, and whether a fixed or floating exchange rate system is in place. For example, assuming free convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars and vice versa, and a fixed exchange rate system in which the rupee-dollar exchange rate is not expected to increase or decrease in the foreseeable future, thamaniyya of rupee in US is considerably improved. The example cited by Dr Nejatullah Siddiqui also appears quite robust under the circumstances. Permission to exchange rupees for dollars on a deferred basis (from one end, of course) at a rate different from the spot rate (official rate which is likely to remain fixed till the date of settlement) would be a clear case of interest-based borrowing and lending. However, if the assumption of fixed exchange rate is relaxed and the present system of fluctuating and volatile exchange rates is assumed to be the case, then it can be shown that the case of riba al-nasia breaks down. We rewrite his example: This would be so, only if the currency risk is non-existent (exchange rate remains at 1:20), or is borne by the seller of dollars (buyer repays in rupees and not in dollars). If the former is true, then the seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 (at an exchange rate of 1:20). However, if the latter is true, then the return to the seller (or the lender) is not predetermined. It need not even be positive. For example, if the rupee-dollar exchange rate increases to 1:25, then the seller of dollar would receive only 44 (Rs 1100 converted into dollars) for his investment of 50. Here two points are worth noting. First, when one assumes a fixed exchange rate regime, the distinction between currencies of different countries gets diluted. The situation becomes similar to exchanging pounds with sterlings (currencies belonging to the same country) at a fixed rate. Second, when one assumes a volatile exchange rate system, then just as one can visualize lending through the foreign currency market (mechanism suggested in the above example), one can also visualize lending through any other organized market (such as, for commodities or stocks.) If one replaces dollars for stocks in the above example, it would read as: In this case too as in the earlier example, returns to the seller of stocks may be negative if stock price rises to Rs 25 on the settlement date. Hence, just as returns in the stock market or commodity market are Islamically acceptable because of the price risk, so are returns in the currency market because of fluctuations in the prices of currencies. A unique feature of thaman haqiqi or gold and silver is that the intrinsic worth of the currency is equal to its face value. Thus, the question of different geographical boundaries within which a given currency, such as, dinar or dirham circulates, is completely irrelevant. Gold is gold whether in country A or country B. Thus, when currency of country A made of gold is exchanged for currency of country B, also made of gold, then any deviation of the exchange rate from unity or deferment of settlement by either party cannot be permitted as it would clearly involve riba al-fadl and also riba al-nasia. However, when paper currencies of country A is exchanged for paper currency of country B, the case may be entirely different. The price risk (exchange rate risk), if positive, would eliminate any possibility of riba al-nasia in the exchange with deferred settlement. However, if price risk (exchange rate risk) is zero, then such exchange could be a source of riba al-nasia if deferred settlement is permitted7. Another point that merits serious consideration is the possibility that certain currencies may possess thamaniyya, that is, used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value globally, within the domestic as well as foreign countries. For instance, US dollar is legal tender within US it is also acceptable as a medium of exchange or unit of account for a large volume of transactions across the globe. Thus, this specific currency may be said to possesses thamaniyya globally, in which case, jurists may impose the relevant injunctions on exchanges involving this specific currency to prevent riba al-nasia. The fact is that when a currency possesses thamaniyya globally, then economic units using this global currency as the medium of exchange, unit of account or store of value may not be concerned about risk arising from volatility of inter-country exchange rates. At the same time, it should be recognized that a large majority of currencies do not perform the functions of money except within their national boundaries where these are legal tender. Riba and risk cannot coexist in the same contract. The former connotes a possibility of returns with zero risk and cannot be earned through a market with positive price risk. As has been discussed above, the possibility of riba al-fadl or riba al-nasia may arise in exchange when gold or silver function as thaman or when the exchange involves paper currencies belonging to the same country or when the exchange involves currencies of different countries following a fixed exchange rate system. The last possibility is perhaps unIslamic8 since price or exchange rate of currencies should be allowed to fluctuate freely in line with changes in demand and supply and also because prices should reflect the intrinsic worth or purchasing power of currencies. The foreign currency markets of today are characterised by volatile exchange rates. The gains or losses made on any transaction in currencies of different countries, are justified by the risk borne by the parties to the contract. 2.1.4. Possibility of Riba with Futures and Forwards So far, we have discussed views on the permissibility of bai salam in currencies, that is, when the obligation of only one of the parties to the exchange is deferred. What are the views of scholars on deferment of obligations of both parties. Typical example of such contracts are forwards and futures9. According to a large majority of scholars, this is not permissible on various grounds, the most important being the element of risk and uncertainty (gharar) and the possibility of speculation of a kind which is not permissible. This is discussed in section 3. However, another ground for rejecting such contracts may be riba prohibition. In the preceding paragraph we have discussed that bai salam in currencies with fluctuating exchange rates can not be used to earn riba because of the presence of currency risk. It is possible to demonstrate that currency risk can be hedged or reduced to zero with another forward contract transacted simultaneously. And once risk is eliminated, the gain clearly would be riba. We modify and rewrite the same example: The seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 dollars (at an exchange rate of 1:20) for his investment of 50 dollars irrespective of the market rate of exchange prevailing on the date of maturity. Another simple possible way to earn riba may even involve a spot transaction and a simultaneous forward transaction. For example, the individual in the above example purchases 50 on a spot basis at the rate of 1:20 and simultaneously enters into a forward contract with the same party to sell 50 at the rate of 1:21 after one month. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs1000 now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 (he receives Rs1050 after one month. This is a typical buy-back or repo (repurchase) transaction so common in conventional banking.10 3. The Issue of Freedom from Gharar Gharar, unlike riba, does not have a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable11. Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information (jahl) which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, price, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. are not well-defined. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles. Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions.12 An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts.13 Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible. 3.2 Gharar Forwards Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futures and forwards in currencies are examples of such contracts under which two parties become obliged to exchange currencies of two different countries at a known rate at the end of a known time period. For example, individuals A and B commit to exchange US dollars and Indian rupees at the rate of 1: 22 after one month. If the amount involved is 50 and A is the buyer of dollars then, the obligations of A and B are to make a payments of Rs1100 and 50 respectively at the end of one month. The contract is settled when both the parties honour their obligations on the future date. Traditionally, an overwhelming majority of Sharia scholars have disapproved such contracts on several grounds. The prohibition applies to all such contracts where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date, including contracts involving exchange of currencies. An important objection is that such a contract involves sale of a non-existent object or of an object not in the possession of the seller. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet.14 There is difference of opinion on whether the prohibition in the said traditions apply to foodstuffs, or perishable commodities or to all objects of sale. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause (illa) of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased. Is this efficient cause (illa) present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries. In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause (illa), that is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today16. Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: 23 on the maturity date, the reverse transaction for individual A would mean selling 50 at the rate of 1:23 to individual B. This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 (the difference between Rs1150 and Rs1100). This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1:21 in which case A would lose Rs50 which is what B would gain. This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses (which theoretically can touch infinity) encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. There is a vast body of literature on the forecastability of exchange rates and a large majority of empirical studies have provided supporting evidence on the futility of any attempt to make short-run predictions. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar. 3.3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed to enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. For example, modifying the earlier example, assume that individual A is an exporter from India to US who has already sold some commodities to B, the US importer and anticipates a cashflow of 50 (which at the current market rate of 1:22 mean Rs 1100 to him) after one month. There is a possibility that US dollar may depreciate against Indian rupee during these one month, in which case A would realize less amount of rupees for his 50 ( if the new rate is 1:21, A would realize only Rs1050 ). Hence, A may enter into a forward or future contract to sell 50 at the rate of 1:21.5 at the end of one month (and thereby, realize Rs1075) with any counterparty which, in all probability, would have diametrically opposite expectations regarding future direction of exchange rates. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee (say, to 1:23 which implies that he would have realized Rs1150, and not Rs1075 which he would realize now.) While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party - whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained. It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. As in the above example, exporter A anticipating a cash inflow of 50 after one month and expecting a depreciation of dollar may go for a salam sale of 50 (with his obligation to pay 50 deferred by one month.) Since he is expecting a dollar depreciation, he may agree to sell 50 at the rate of 1: 21.5. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs 1075 for him. The question may be, why should the counterparty pay him rupees now in lieu of a promise to be repaid in dollars after one month. As in the case of futures, the counterparty would do so for profit, if its expectations are diametrically opposite, that is, it expects dollar to appreciate. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: 23 during the one month period, then it would receive Rs1150 for Rs 1075 it invested in the purchase of 50. Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. The difference from the earlier scenario is that the counterparty would be more restrained in trading because of the investment required, and such trading is unlikely to take the shape of rampant speculation. 4. Summary Conclusion Currency markets of today are characterized by volatile exchange rates. This fact should be taken note of in any analysis of the three basic types of contracts in which the basis of distinction is the possibility of deferment of obligations to future. We have attempted an assessment of these forms of contracting in terms of the overwhelming need to eliminate any possibility of riba, minimize gharar, jahl and the possibility of speculation of a kind akin to games of chance. In a volatile market, the participants are exposed to currency risk and Islamic rationality requires that such risk should be minimized in the interest of efficiency if not reduced to zero. It is obvious that spot settlement of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants. At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. If in a simple primitive economy, it was prevention of gharar relating to delivery of the exchanged article, in todays complex